Page 54 - rp-may-2020

CPD ACTIVITY 52
RET AIL PHARMA C Y • MA Y 2020
A collaborative approach
in management, focusing on
interconnectedness between humans,
animals and the environment, is an
appropriate starting point. This approach
will need to recognise that the health
and wellbeing of humans is intimately
connected to the health of animals
and their environment. The reverse is
also true. Critical to the establishment
of a collaborative approach is the
adoption of a multidisciplinary mindset,
ie, that of a veterinarian and a medical
doctor for their expertise knowledge
in disease pathology, while the
pharmacist loads the unparalleled
expert knowledge on medicines.
The integrated mindset will mean
that, at high level, the pharmacist will
competently engage in conversations
ranging from common illnesses to
complex mechanisms of zoonotic
spread between animals, humans,
and the environment. The pharmacist
will be critical in monitoring, responding
to and preventing major disease
outbreaks. Furthermore, the pharmacist
will provide timely advice and initiate
appropriate management strategies
demonstrating understanding of
the changes in symptom severity or
duration of symptoms in common
illness presentations. It is these
parameters that provide the key
benefits for patients presenting in
pharmacies for health advice.
Conclusion
The present rationale for management
of URTIs is symptom relief, since the
symptoms of URTI are perceived as a
nuisance, but this review suggests that
some of the symptoms are an integral
part of the acute phase response and
may aid in recovery from infection.
The unpleasant symptoms of fever,
malaise and anorexia help to overcome
infection. It’s debatable whether
elimination of these symptoms with
cold and flu therapy is beneficial.
At present there is limited evidence
that symptomatic treatment of URTIs
interferes with the course of the
common cold or flu, but this is an area
worthy of more research.
Emerging zoonoses require improved
collaboration between veterinary,
medical and health sectors to develop
control strategies and implement
surveillance and response activities
at the animal-human interface. Just as
importantly, practising pharmacists
must establish infectious disease
control strategies that consider the
interactions of humans, animals and
the environment.
References
1. Eccles R. ‘Understanding the symptoms of the
common cold and influenza’.
The Lancet Infectious
Diseases
, 2005; 5 (11): 718-25.
2. Leder K, Sinclair MI, Mitakaki TZ, Hellard ME,
Forbes A, Fairley CK. ‘A community based study
of respiratory episodes in Melbourne, Australia’.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public
Health
, 2003; 27 (4): 399-404.
3. Fairchok MP, Martin ET, Chambers S, Kuypers J,
Behrens M, Braun LE, et al. ‘Epidemiology of viral
respiratory tract infections in a prospective cohort
of infants and toddlers attending daycare’.
Journal
of Clinical Virology
, 2010; 49 (1): 16-20.
4. Australia Bureau of Statistics. Overseas arrivals
and departures, Australia. Viewed February 2020.
Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/
abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Feature%20
Article1Dec%202016
5. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. ‘Coronavirus
infections: more than just the common cold’.
JAMA
, 2020; 323 (8): 707-8.
6. Simancas Racines D, Guerra CV,
Hidalgo R. ‘Vaccines for the common cold’.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
,
2017 (6). ID: CD002190.
7. Rollinger JM, Schmidtke M. ‘The human
rhinovirus: human pathological impact,
mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and
strategies for their discovery’.
Medicinal Research
Reviews
, 2011; 31 (1): 42-92.
8. Winther B. ‘Rhinovirus infections in the upper
airway’.
Proceedings of the American Thoracic
Society
, 2011; 8 (1): 79-89.
9. Ismail H, Schellack N. ‘Colds and flu: an
overview of the management’.
South African
Family Practice
, 2017; 59 (3): 5-12.
10. Kuiken T, Taubenberger JK. ‘Pathology
of human influenza revisited’.
Vaccine
,
2008; 26: D59-D66.
11. Nichols WG, Campbell AJP, Boeckh M.
‘Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus:
impact and therapeutic advances’.
Clinical
Microbiology Reviews
, 2008; 21 (2): 274-90.
12. Stevens WW, Falsey AR, Braciale TJ.
‘RSV 2007: recent advances in respiratory
syncytial virus research’.
Viral Immunology
,
2008; 21 (2): 133-40.
13. Mazur NI, Higgins D, Nunes MC, Melero JA,
Langedijk AC, Horsley N, et al. ‘The respiratory
syncytial virus vaccine landscape: lessons from the
graveyard and promising candidates’.
The Lancet
Infectious Diseases
, 2018; 18 (10): e295-e311.
14. Yin H-S, Wen X, Paterson RG, Lamb RA,
Jardetzky TS. ‘Structure of the parainfluenza
virus 5F protein in its metastable, prefusion
conformation’.
Nature
, 2006; 439 (7072): 38-44.
15. Kunz AN, Ottolini M. ‘The role of adenovirus
in respiratory tract infections’.
Current Infectious
Disease Reports
, 2010; 12 (2): 81-7.
16. Tebruegge M, Curtis N. ‘Adenovirus: an
overview for pediatric infectious diseases
specialists’.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease
Journal
, 2012; 31 (6): 626-7.
17. Williams JV, Wang CK, Yang C-F, Tollefson
SJ, House FS, Heck JM, et al. ‘The role of
human metapneumovirus in upper respiratory
tract infections in children: a 20-year
experience’.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
,
2006; 193 (3): 387-95.
18. Ruohola A, Waris M, Allander T, Ziegler T,
Heikkinen T, Ruuskanen O. ‘Viral etiology of
common cold in children, Finland’.
Emerging
Infectious Diseases
, 2009; 15 (2): 344.
19. Nokso-Koivisto J, Pyles RB, Miller AL, Patel
JA, Loeffelholz M, Chonmaitree T. ‘Viral load
and acute otitis media development after
human metapneumovirus upper respiratory
tract infection’.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease
Journal
, 2012; 31 (7): 763.
20. Kamikawa J, Granato CFH, Bellei N. ‘Viral
aetiology of common colds of outpatient
children at primary care level and the use of
antibiotics’.
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
,
2015; 110 (7): 884-9.
21. Vemula SV, Zhao J, Liu J, Wang X, Biswas S,
Hewlett I. ‘Current approaches for diagnosis of
influenza virus infections in humans’.
Viruses
,
2016; 8 (4): 96.
22. Heikkinen T, Järvinen A. ‘The common cold’.
The Lancet
, 2003; 361 (9351): 51-9.
23. Roxas M, Jurenka J. ‘Colds and influenza: a
review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical,
and nutritional considerations’.
Alternative
Medicine Review
, 2007; 12 (1).
24. Johnson DF, Druce JD, Chapman S,
Swaminathan A, Wolf J, Richards JS, et al.
‘Chikungunya virus infection in travellers
to Australia’.
Medical Journal of Australia
,
2008; 188 (1): 41-3.
25. Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti
F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L. ‘Chikungunya
virus infection: an overview’.
New Microbiol
,
2013; 36 (3): 211-27.
26. Fischer M, Staples JE. ‘Chikungunya virus
spreads in the Americas: Caribbean and South
America, 2013-2014’.
Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report
, 2014; 63 (22): 500.
27. Fisman D, Khoo E, Tuite A. ‘Early epidemic
dynamics of the West African 2014 Ebola outbreak:
estimates derived with a simple two-parameter
model’.
PLOS Currents
, 2014; 6.
28. Kucharski AJ, Edmunds WJ. ‘Case fatality rate
for Ebola virus disease in west Africa’.
The Lancet
,
2014; 384 (9950): 1260.
29. Van Kerkhove MD, Bento AI, Mills HL,
Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA. ‘A review of
epidemiological parameters from Ebola outbreaks
to inform early public health decision-making’.
Scientific Data
, 2015; 2: 150019.
30. Kirkland PD, Gabor M, Poe I, Neale K, Chaffey
K, Finlaison DS, et al. ‘Hendra virus infection
in dog, Australia, 2013’.
Emerging Infectious
Diseases
, 2015; 21 (12): 2182.
31. Wang L, Crameri G. ‘Emerging zoonotic
viral diseases’
Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz
,
2014; 33 (569-81).
32. Oboho IK, Tomczyk SM, Al-Asmari AM, Banjar
AA, Al-Mugti H, Aloraini MS, et al. ‘2014 MERS-CoV
outbreak in Jeddah: a link to healthcare facilities’.
New
England Journal of Medicine
, 2015; 372 (9): 846-54.
FROM PAGE 51